Thanks for the answers, if I have problems with punctures of my tube more regularly, I will certainly have a look in a motorcycle shop and see what they have to offer.
For the wheel damage, I didn't yet open up the wheels, so I only have pictures from the outside (both sides of one wheel):
You can see that the hub has shifted approx. 2 mm in the axial direction.
The next picture is from the previous time I had the same problem, unfortunately I did not take any pictures when I repaired it. Here you can see that after shifting in axial direction, the hub also shifted a bit in radial direction, resulting in a bigger gap in the outside wheel disc. (the broken weld that you see on the picture was a bad weld, I improved it already and now that part doesn't cause any problems anymore).
During the whole progress I only use polyester resin.